Reservoirs and transmission modes
Humans are a reservoir for many staphylococci. Staphylococcus aureus is therefore part of the human microbiota. Nearly 20% of the population is considered persistent carriers of this species of bacteria, and up to 60% are occasional carriers.
Hospital staff or hospitalized people are more likely to have this species of bacteria. Healthcare settings are prone to staphylococcus aureus infections, as many procedures or manipulations allow staphylococcus to enter a patient’s body.
Staphylococcus aureus can be found in the:
- nose
- mucous membranes
- mammary glands
- intestinal tract
- genito-urinary system
- upper respiratory tract
The bacteria can also be found on:
- the skin
- armpits
- groin
- the male perineal region
- hair
- the mouth
Wild and domestic animals can also be reservoir hosts for this bacterium. Its presence is particularly noticeable on the udders of cows.
The modes of transmission are highly varied. It is possible to contract S. aureus through contact with a carrier or an infected animal. The use of contaminated equipment or the ingestion of contaminated food can also be sources of transmission of the bacteria. Although rare, contamination by infected droplets released into the air is possible.
Sampling
Points to keep in mind when taking samples for S. aureus:
- Always provide a sterile, airtight container to store samples.
- For surface or solid samples: store the container on ice packs until laboratory analysis, taking care not to freeze the samples.
- For surface samples: collect at least two wipes/swabs/socks.
- For solid sampling: take a sample of up to 100 g or fill a 50-ml sample tube to the 40 ml minimum mark.
- For liquid sampling: take a sample of at least 100 ml.
Infection
Staphylococcus aureus is generally harmless to healthy people. However, it can cause several types of infections in people who are at risk.
Prevention for the public
The best way to prevent the transmission of S. aureus is to wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
If an infected person is present in the immediate environment, it is recommended that you avoid using or handling the personal items of the sick person. Clothing and bedding used by the infected person should be washed in hot water. It is also suggested that all soiled first aid items be disposed of in a plastic bag and that the bag be securely closed.
Hospitals and other healthcare settings must take strict and rigorous hygiene measures to prevent the spread of the bacteria in the event of an outbreak. Isolation of patients is required to limit contamination. Following an MRSA infection, a person with MRSA should always notify healthcare personnel so that special measures can be put in place.
